SODIUM

• 136 - 145 mmol/L

• Sodium is an atom, or ion, that carries a single positive charge. About 40% of the body's sodium is contained in bone. Approximately 2-5% occurs within organs and cells and the remaining 55% is in blood plasma and other extracellular fluids.
• Sodium functions at the cell membrane level by creating an electrical potential between different cell membranes causing the transmission of nerve impulses and neuromuscular excitability to be maintained. It is vital to normal body function, including nerve and muscle function.
• Sodium Measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of Aldosteronism, diabetes insipidus, adrenal hypertension , Addison’s disease , dehydration , inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion , or other diseases involving electrolyte imbalance . 
• Sodium measurements are used for Infusion therapies, helps to monitor conditions like Vomiting, Diarhhoea, Burns , Heart and kidney insufficiencies.

Hypernatremia

• Prolonged hyperapnea
• Severe vomiting, or diarrhoea
• Diabetes insipidus or diabetic acidosis. 
• Increased renal sodium conservation in hyperaldosteronism. 
• Cushing's syndrome
• Inadequate water intake because of coma or hypothalamic disease
• Dehydration
• Excessive saline therapy

Hyponatremia

• Low sodium intake.
• Sodium losses due to vomiting or diarrhea with adequate water and inadequate salt replacement.
• Diuretics abuse
• Salt-losing nephropathy
• Osmotic diuresis
• Metabolic acidosis
• Adrenocortical insufficiency
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Cardiac failure
• Hepatic failure
• Hypothyroidism